It is the most widely used approach to scaling responses in survey research, such that the term or more accurately the likerttype scale is often used interchangeably with rating scale, although there. The likert scale analysis using parametric based structural equation modeling sem zainudin awang 1, asyraf afthanorhan2, mustafa mamat3 1,2,3 faculty of economics and management sciences,universiti sultan zainal abidin kampus gong badak, 20 kuala terengganu, malaysia. Below are the two likert scales, the fourpoint and the fivepoint. Analyzing likert data the journal of extension joe. Likert scale is a psychometric scale where questions based on this scale are normally used in a survey.
For example, if your likert scale includes the items. Pdf this paper discusses a new model for analysis of data gathered through the likert scale. Symmetric versus asymmetric likert scale if the position of. Likert scale examples for surveys iowa state university.
Recommendations for analysis, interpretation, and reporting of scores derived from likerttype scales. A psychometric response scale primarily used in questionnaires to obtain participants preferences or degree of agreement with a statement or set of statements. A fourpoint likert scale is the first of the even scale options when doing a likert survey. Likert scales are widely used in social and educational research. I would like a quick example of data analysis for a likert scale questionnaire, i will have two data sets from two groups that have answered the same questions. A likert scale for product feedback for example could have items asking for price, quality, color, and usefulness.
How to analyze likert and other rating scale data researchgate. Sample scale used in likert scale questions origin. The basic choice is between a parametric test and a nonparametric test. The most glaring example of this is the process of colonisation.
The likert scale is one of the more popular metrics for attitudinal research. For a complete table of likert scale examples click here. For example, one could have several likert items with various questions about religious attitudes or behaviors, and then combine those items to a single likert scale on religiosity. Advice on gathering and analyzing data in organizations, tips on using likert scales, and a case study on leveraging data to help the bottom. There were no articles found that utilized likert scale prior to 1970 even though the likert scale had been invented back in 1932 edmondson, 2005, p. One of the most common scale types is a likert scale. Usually a fivepoint scale of agreement like the following is used. Calculating, interpreting, and reporting cronbachs alpha reliability coefficient for likerttype scales joseph a. His original report entitled a technique for the measurement of attitudes was. When using likert scales, the researcher must consider issues such as categories of response values in the scale, size of the scale, direction of the scale, the ordinal nature of likert derived data, and appropriate statistical analysis of such data. Total scale single item analysis and summated andor. How to analyze likert scale data statistics by jim. In the example above, agree strongly is coded as 1 and disagree strongly is coded as 5. For example, miller and salkind state that the likert technique produces an ordinal scale that generally requires nonparametric statistics.
According to bissonnette 2007, likert scale was named after inventor, psychologist resins likert. Sample question presented using a fivepoint likert scale. Reporting and interpreting scores derived from likerttype. Likerttype scale response anchors peru state college. Pressure from europeans bought about changes to language, religion. Likerttype or frequency scales use fixed choice response formats.
Heiberger2 1 nbr, 11 christine court, wayne, nj 074706523 2 temple university, 332 speakman hall 006 12, philadelphia, pa 19122 6083 abstract rating scales such as likert scales and semantic differential scales are very common in. A typical scale could be strongly agree, unsureundecided, disagree, strongly disagree. Rating scale questions are treated as ordinal data, though one can find very many examples where this rule has been. If youre taking a likert survey, youll see a series of statements, and youll be asked to indicate whether you strongly disagree, disagree, slightly disagree, are undecided, slightly. If you perform a chisquare analysis on this, youd learn whether the two items are independent or if there is sufficient evidence to conclude. An example of interval data would be unnecessary by others eg. The likert scale questionnaire format and examples. A likert scale assumes that the strengthintensity of an attitude is linear, i. Pdf a new model for likert scale data analysis researchgate. The cronbachs alphas for the original test ranged from 0. Pdf analyzing and interpreting data from likerttype scales. For example, a common unipolar scale includes the following choices.
The likert scale is commonly used in survey research. Here, we use scale to refer to a relatively small number of questions or items selected to measure peoples attitude towards a single object. A 5item likert scale was created from this instrument by first adding a 3 neutralundecided option and also by adding five negativelyworded items to the instrument. The analyses of likerttype and likert scale data require unique data analysis. The pros and cons for each type of test are generally described as the following. A unipolar likert scale question type indicates a respondent to think of the presence or absence of a quality.
His innovation was to make a statement instead of asking a question, and then ask respondents to rate the extent to which they agreed or disagreed with the basic statement. The sevenpoint scale has been shown to reach the upper limits of the scales reliability. By implication, the scores can be summed, yielding a summary score. A likert template example would range from typical multiplechoice options which may include strongly agree, agree, no opinion, disagree and strongly. A typical test item in a likert scale is a statement, the respondent is asked to indicate their degree of agreement with the statement. Likerttype or frequency scales use fixed choice response formats and are designed to measure attitudes or opinions 2. Example and analysis of a likert scale jennie is interested in researching the importance of social status in peer groups.
How to analyze likert and other rating scale data sciencedirect. Psychologists normally deal with different sort of statistics to analyze the things to get the attitude one and to make it more accurate and worth believing this likert scale templates help great. Table 1 provides an example of five likerttype questions. In its final form, the likert scale is a five or seven point scale which is used to allow the individual to express how much they agree or disagree with a particular statement. Likert scale questions, survey and examples questionpro. Likert scale data, on the other hand, are analyzed at the interval measurement scale. The bottom line now that many experts have weighed in on this debate, the conclusions are fairly clear. Data from a survey using a likert scale may seem easy. Introduction to spss part 5 example 4 analysing likert data. She creates a likert scale that consists of three likert items. The likert scale is named for its creator, american scientist rensis likert, who felt that surveys yielding only yesorno answers were limited in their usefulness.
A likerttype scale involves a series of statements that respondents may choose from in order to rate their responses to evaluative questions vogt, 1999. Does rarely and a half have a frequency response likert scale are not necessarily equal. Jan 06, 2019 likert scale templates is the most valued templates that are mostly used to maintain the format and analyze the things in a great way. This video describes how to analyse likert data strongly agree. Likerttype scales and the theory of reliability of measurement, this article reports an investigation of the extent scores derived from likerttype scales reported in the journal of agricultural education are congruent with the estimates of reliability of measurement cited in the articles. When using likert scales, the researcher must consider issues such as categories of response values in the scale, size of the scale, direction of the scale, the ordinal nature of likertderived data, and appropriate statistical analysis of such data. It is a measuring scale or a tool used to determine the opinions, behaviors and perceptions of individuals or consumers. A sizable percentage of the educational research manuscripts submitted to the journal of graduate medical education employ a likert scale for part or all of the outcome assessments. A typical item in a likert scale is a statement to which respondents rate their level of agreement. This video describes how to analyse likert data strongly agree, agree, neutral, disagree, strongly disagree.
Rensis likert was an american psychologist who offered a research and enabled others to do a quantitative analysis for their feelings, measuring their attitude and even to judge their behavior. In this case, we are measuring perceived task value, so enter that as the name. A lot of thought should be put into deciding which type of likert scale would provide the best results. Likert scale items are created by calculating a composite score sum or mean from four or more type likerttype items. The likert scale is best used to measure and evaluate a general topic and then drill down into specifics. A read is counted each time someone views a publication summary such as the title, abstract, and list of authors, clicks on a figure, or views or downloads the fulltext. Abstract the likert scale is commonly used in survey research using primary and. Likert scale definition, examples and analysis simply.
Create a visual uniformity by applying a typeface or font family to the. A likert scale is used to rate each item on a response scale. If you collapse it to three values as you describe, this would give you a 3x3 grid. The fifth of a short series on how to use spss to solve your statistical problems. The scale is named after rensis likert, who published a report describing its use likert, 1932. The other camp maintains that while technically the likert scale item is ordered, using it in parametric tests is valid in some situations. Clemson university frequency 7 point 1 never 2 rarely, in less than 10% of the chances when i could have. Likert scale definition, examples and analysis simply psychology. For example, each of the five or seven responses would have a numerical value which would be used to measure the attitude under investigation. Because likert item data are discrete, ordinal, and have a limited range, theres been a longstanding dispute about the most valid way to analyze likert data. Likert scale items are created by calculating a composite score sum or mean from four or more type likert type items. Oct 03, 2017 advice on gathering and analyzing data in organizations, tips on using likert scales, and a case study on leveraging data to help the bottom line. Thus, understanding the interpretation and analysis of data derived from likert scales is imperative for those working in medical education and education research. Reporting and interpreting scores derived from likerttype scales.
Now that you have told spss what analysis you want to do, you can now run the analysis. What happened to the societies europeans came into contact with when they began to colonise the rest of the world. Calculating, interpreting, and reporting cronbachs alpha. Analyzing and interpreting data from likerttype scales. Nominal scales are used for labeling variables, without any quantitative value. What statistical analysis should i use for likert scale data. Abstract the likert scale is commonly used in survey research using. A likert scale is commonly used to measure attitudes, knowledge, perceptions, values, and behavioral changes. Editorial analyzing and interpreting data from likerttype. How to use the likert scale in statistical analysis. Likert scale points are the number of options or points that your likert scale has for each question or statement. The likert scale analysis using parametric based structural. Most common uses are for customer sentiment on a specific product, service or experience.
You could one item that uses the likert scale for one variable and another likert scale item as the other variable. In a likert scale survey respondents simply dont choose between yesno, there are specific choices based on agreeing or disagreeing on a certain question in the survey. Introduction to spss part 5 example 4 analysing likert. Analysis of the target audience, evaluating the purpose of survey research is critical in deciding the type of likert scale question. The likert scales invention is attributed to rensis likert 1931, who described this technique for the assessment of attitudes.
The original instrument had 10 efficacy items and used a 4point likert scale. Rensis likert, a sociologist at the university of michigan, who developed the technique. Guttman scale also called cumulative scaling or scalogram analysis is created with elements that can possibly be. In making questionnaires that use the likert scale, not just any type of question will suffice. It is one of the most widely used question types in a survey. In fact, there is a format that must be followed in formulating the questions. Chris mcmillan\s full interview sep 16, 2019 though analysis of likert scale data can be quite the scientific and mathematical undertaking especially in determining validity, distortions, etc. Apr, 2017 the fifth of a short series on how to use spss to solve your statistical problems. Analyzing and interpreting data from likerttype scales biotap. Calculating, interpreting, and reporting cronbachs alpha reliability coefficient for likerttype scales. Research development, department of parks, recreation and tourism. Can anybody provide an example of likert scale data analysis. The attitude measurement technique on which we focus here is the likert scale.
Technically, a likert item is a single question with likert responses, whereas a likert scale is a group of items viewed together as a single measure. The gender, different brands of motorcycle, colors of the hair etc. The questions should ask for an agreement or disagreement. I believe that ecological questions are the most important issues facing human beings today. The purpose of this paper is to show why singleitem questions pertaining to a construct are not reliable and should not be used in drawing conclusions. Calculating, interpreting, and reporting cronbachs alpha reliability coefficient for likert type scales joseph a. It is often used to measure the attitudes of respondents, asking them to what extent they agree or disagree with a particular question or statement. Guttman scale is one of the three unidimensional scales, the other two being likert scale and thurstone scale. Specifically, there are four measurement scales or types of data.